{"id":16,"date":"2013-06-25T20:11:02","date_gmt":"2013-06-25T20:11:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/davidfreedman\/?page_id=16"},"modified":"2026-10-15T15:21:04","modified_gmt":"2026-10-15T15:21:04","slug":"trusts","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/davidfreedman.ca\/?page_id=16","title":{"rendered":"Trusts"},"content":{"rendered":"

COURSE DESCRIPTION<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

This course considers foundational issues in the law of trusts such as the nature of a trust; formal requirements of trusts; constitution of trusts; secret trusts; trusts, powers and purposes; certainties; property-holding by unincorporated associations; charitable trusts and cy-pr\u00e8s; resulting trusts; some aspects of trustees\u2019 powers and duties; variation of trusts; the principles of constructive trusts; remedies, including some aspects of tracing; the intersection of trusts doctrine and the law of unjust enrichment. The course does not extend to tax treatment of trusts.<\/p>\n

CLASSES<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

Tuesdays & Thursdays, 11:30 am – 1:00 pm, Law Building, Lecture Hall 3<\/p>\n

Will lectures be recorded?<\/em><\/strong> No. If you become ill or experience some extenuating circumstance that prevents your attendance at class, a recorded lecture is a poor substitute for getting help from your instructor. Please contact me and I would be pleased to meet with you to discuss the materials.<\/p>\n

MATERIALS<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

Casebook: <\/strong>Oosterhoff on Trusts, Tenth Student Edition <\/em><\/a>(2024).<\/span><\/p>\n

PLEASE NOTE:<\/strong><\/span> the University bookstore does not stock the book. It may be ordered from the publisher – there is a 20% discount using the code\u00a02STUDENT20<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

ASSESSMENT<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

100% three-hour open-book final examination.<\/p>\n

\n

TOPICS & READING LIST \u2013 FALL TERM 2026<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2018cb\u2019 refers to Oosterhoff on Trusts<\/em>. Unless specifically directed, it is not intended that you read the \u201cNotes and Questions\u201d sections following text and cases.<\/p>\n

I’ve set out class dates and materials to be covered but our actual progress may be different than anticipated.<\/p>\n

\n

September 8, 2026<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Overview. No reading.<\/strong><\/p>\n

[you may wish to read the following non-examinable background:<\/p>\n

Historical background \u2013 cb, pp. 2-11<\/p>\n

Definitions \u2013 cb, pp. 15-20<\/p>\n

Classification of Trusts\u00a0 \u2013 20-26]<\/p>\n

\n

September 10, 2026<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

I.\u00a0 INTRODUCTION AND THE TRUST AS AN INSTITUTION<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Fiduciary Principle:<\/p>\n

Galambos v Perez,<\/a> 2009 SCC 48<\/a><\/p>\n

Alberta v Elder Advocates of Alberta Society, <\/a>2011 <\/a>SCC\u00a0 24<\/a><\/p>\n

Paddy-Cannon v. Canada (Attorney General), 2025 ONCA 394<\/a><\/p>\n

Lecture Notes No. 1 (Introduction; The Fiduciary Principle)<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

September 15, 2026<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Trust and Agency \u2013 cb, pp. 73-77<\/p>\n

Trust and Contract \u2013 cb, pp. 77-82<\/p>\n

Trust and Debt \u2013 cb, pp. 82-89<\/p>\n

Trust and Bailment \u2013 cb, pp. 91-93<\/p>\n

Lecture Notes No. 2 (Introduction, cont’d)<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

September 17, 2026<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

II.\u00a0 POWERS OF APPOINTMENT<\/strong><\/p>\n

Powers of Appointment \u2013 cb, pp. 150-155, 157-163<\/p>\n

III.\u00a0 FORMALITIES OF EXPRESS AND<\/strong> SECRET\u00a0 TRUSTS<\/strong><\/p>\n

Formalities \u2013 cb, pp. 292-294, 297-298, 300-301<\/p>\n

Part Performance:<\/em> 2730453 Ontario Inc. v. 2380673 Ontario Inc., 2025 ONCA 112 (Ont. C.A.)<\/a><\/p>\n

Secret and Semi-Secret Trusts \u2013 cb, pp. 915-927<\/del> 893-903<\/p>\n

Lecture Notes No. 3 (Powers; Formalities)<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

September 22, 2026<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

IV.\u00a0 \u2018THE THREE CERTAINTIES\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

Introduction \u2013 cb, pp. 184-185<\/p>\n

Certainty of Intention \u2013 cb, pp. 185-189, 195-197<\/p>\n

Antle v. Canada, 2010 FCA 280<\/a><\/p>\n

Certainty of Subject-Matter \u2013 cb, pp. 198-204, 209-211<\/p>\n

Certainty of Objects \u2013 cb, pp. 215-218, 218-220<\/p>\n

Lecture Notes No. 4 (The Express Trust)<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

September 24, 2026<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Constitution \u2013 cb, pp. 242-251, 252-256, 258-263, 271-275 (finish from last class)<\/p>\n

V.\u00a0 THE BENEFICIARY PRINCIPLE AND<\/strong> PURPOSE TRUSTS; GIFTS TO UNINCORPORATED\u00a0ASSOCIATIONS<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trusts for Persons \u2013 cb, pp. 537<\/span>, 555-558<\/p>\n

Gifts To\u00a0 Unincorporated Associations \u2013 cb, pp. 558-564<\/p>\n

VI.\u00a0 VARIATION OF TRUSTS<\/strong><\/p>\n

Variation of Trusts \u2013 cb, pp. 331-335, 344-345, 345-347, 352-363, 365-370<\/p>\n

Lecture Notes No. 5 (Beneficiary Principle; Variation of Trusts)<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

September 29, 2026<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Gifts To\u00a0 Unincorporated Associations \u2013 cb, pp. 558-564<\/p>\n

VI.\u00a0 VARIATION OF TRUSTS<\/strong><\/p>\n

Variation of Trusts \u2013 cb, pp. 331-335, 344-345, 345-347, 352-363, 365-370<\/p>\n

Lecture Notes No. 6 (Charitable Trusts I)<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

October 1, 2026<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

VII. CHARITABLE TRUSTS<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Advantages of Charity \u2013 cb, pp. 379-382<\/p>\n

Meaning\u00a0 of \u2018Charity\u2019 \u2013 cb, pp. 386-406<\/p>\n

Public Benefit \u2013 cb, pp. 386-392, 397-406<\/p>\n

Lecture Notes No. 7 (Charitable Trusts II)<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

October 6, 2026<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

The Heads of Charity \u2013 cb, pp. 407-420, 423-432, 434-437, 438-455<\/p>\n

Cy-Pres \u2013 cb, pp. 467-476, 479-485, 487-491, 493-498, 500-501 (note 12)<\/p>\n

Public Appeals \u2013 cb, pp. 552-554<\/p>\n

Lecture Notes No. 8 (Charitable Trusts III)<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

October 8, 2026<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Trusts Discussion Questions 1<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

VIII.\u00a0 RESULTING TRUSTS; QUISTCLOSE\u00a0 TRUSTS<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Resulting Trust \u2013 cb, pp. 575-582<\/p>\n

Lecture Notes No. 9 (Resulting Trusts)<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

October 13, 2026<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Failure of the Express Trust \u2013 cb, pp. 582-587, 605-608<\/p>\n

Apparent Gifts \u2013 cb, pp. 609-610<\/p>\n

The Resulting Trust as a Family Law Device \u2013 cb, pp. 614-620<\/p>\n

Purchase Money Resulting Trusts \u2013 cb, pp. 620-621, 622-627<\/p>\n

Lecture Notes No. 10 (Resulting Trusts II)<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

October 15, 2026<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

No class<\/p>\n

\n

October 20, 2026<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Gratuitous Transfers \u2013 cb, pp. 634-638, 641-655 (finish)<\/p>\n

Quistclose Trusts \u2013 cb, pp. 543-550<\/p>\n

Lecture Notes No. 11 ((Resulting Trusts III)<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\n

October 22, 2026<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

IX.\u00a0 TRUSTEESHIP AND THE<\/strong> ADMINISTRATION OF\u00a0 TRUSTS<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trustee Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. T.23<\/a> (Really. Please read the statute.)<\/p>\n

The Nature of the Court\u2019s Jurisdiction: Carroll v. Toronto-Dominion Bank, 2021 ONCA 38 (Ont. C.A.)<\/a>, paras. 15-29<\/p>\n

Appointment \u2013 cb, pp. 937-944; 947<\/p>\n

Retirement \u2013 cb, pp. 948-952<\/p>\n

Removal \/ Passing Over \u2013 cb, pp. 953-959, 962-964 and Gonder v. Gonder Estate<\/a>, 2010 ONCA 172<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

October 27, 2026<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Powers\/Duties of the Trustee \u2013 cb, pp. 966-971<\/p>\n

Delegation \u2013 cb, pp. 974-979<\/p>\n

Review of Exercise of Discretionary Powers \u2013 cb, pp. 979-981, 981-982, 985-986, 986-987, 987-988, 988-990, 993-995,\u00a0 998-1003<\/p>\n

Investment \u2013 cb, pp. 1007-1011<\/p>\n

Even Hand \u2013 cb, pp. 1013\u20141014 and The Canada Trust Company v. Browne, 2012 ONCA 862<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

October 29, 2026<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Compensation \u2013 cb, pp. 1037-1039, 1039-1043<\/p>\n

Indemnification \u2013 cb, pp. 1047-1049<\/p>\n

X.\u00a0 INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTIVE<\/strong> TRUSTS AND UNJUST ENRICHMENT<\/strong><\/p>\n

Introduction and History \u2013 cb, pp. 694-698<\/p>\n

Unjust Enrichment \u2013 cb, pp. 727-731 and Garland v. Consumers\u2019 Gas Co.<\/a>, 2004 SCC\u00a0 25<\/a><\/p>\n

The Conscience Standard \u2013 cb, pp. 709-720<\/p>\n

\n

November 3 & 5, 2026<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

No classes<\/p>\n

\n

November 10, 2026<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

XI.\u00a0 CONSTRUCTIVE TRUST AND EQUITABLE WRONGS<\/strong><\/p>\n

Breach of Confidence \u2013 cb, pp. 755-759, 760-775<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

November 12, 2026<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Breach of Fiduciary Duty \u2013 cb, pp. 775-786, 794-799, 801 (note 1), 806-808, 813-815, 834-837<\/p>\n

\n

November 17, 2026<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

XII.\u00a0 TRUSTEE AND THIRD PARTY LIABILITY<\/strong><\/p>\n

Personal Liability of Trustees \u2013 cb, pp. 1068-1076, 1079-1096, 1104-1108<\/p>\n

Trustees\u2019 Defences \u2013 cb, pp. 1113-1118, 1122-1123, 1152-1157<\/p>\n

Exculpation \u2013 cb, pp. 1140-1151<\/p>\n

\n

November 19, 2026<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Third Party Liability \u2013 cb, pp.1164, 1165-1183, 1195-1211<\/p>\n

Trustee de son tort \u2013 cb, pp. 1223-1225<\/p>\n

Tracing \u2013 Easy Loan Corporation v Wiseman, 2017 ABCA 58<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

I have left some classes clear in case of illness. Ideally we will have a review and finish early given the compressed time between the end of lectures and examinations.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

COURSE DESCRIPTION This course considers foundational issues in the law of trusts such as the nature of a trust; formal…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":168,"parent":0,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/davidfreedman.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/davidfreedman.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/davidfreedman.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/davidfreedman.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/davidfreedman.ca\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=16"}],"version-history":[{"count":493,"href":"https:\/\/davidfreedman.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4351,"href":"https:\/\/davidfreedman.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16\/revisions\/4351"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/davidfreedman.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/168"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/davidfreedman.ca\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=16"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}